Filament printing (FDM), layer by layer

Sources

What the animation is based on. The machine is simplified from Bambu Lab’s product photos, specs and wiki (the X1 introduction and maintenance pages): silver-grey metal shell with rounded corners, black-framed tinted glass door, light-grey toolhead with a round fan and the micro lidar at its lower right. The toolpaths are sliced in the page with the stock Bambu Studio settings. Move times use the profile’s speeds and accelerations, the filament’s 21 mm³/s flow limit, slowdowns at sharp corners and the 4 s minimum layer time; retraction and z-hop are left out, so print times are estimates.

1. Bambu Lab. X1-Carbon technical specifications. PDF 389 × 389 × 457 mm body, 256 × 256 × 256 mm build volume, CoreXY at up to 500 mm/s and 20 m/s², all-metal hotend (300 °C) with a hardened-steel 0.4 mm nozzle, heated bed, micro lidar.
2. Bambu Lab wiki, X1 maintenance pages (Z lead screws and belt, carbon X rods, XY motors, panels, aux fan). wiki.bambulab.com The bed moves in Z on three lead screws (two at the front, one at the rear) turned by one motor through a belt; the X axis runs on two carbon-fibre rods; the XY motors sit at the back.
3. Bambu Studio system profiles: “0.20mm Standard @BBL X1C”, “Bambu PLA Basic @BBL X1C”. github.com/bambulab/BambuStudio 0.20 mm layers; 2 walls, inner then outer; 15% grid sparse infill; 3 bottom and 5 top solid layers; outer wall 200, inner wall 300, sparse infill 270, solid infill 250, travel 500 mm/s; first layer 50 mm/s; PLA at 220 °C on a 55 °C textured PEI plate; 4 s minimum layer time.
4. S. S. Crump (1992). Apparatus and method for creating three-dimensional objects. US Patent 5,121,329. Google Patents The original fused deposition modelling patent (Stratasys).
5. ISO/ASTM 52900:2021. Additive manufacturing — General principles — Fundamentals and vocabulary. iso.org FDM belongs to the process category “material extrusion”.
6. I. Gibson, D. Rosen, B. Stucker, M. Khorasani (2021). Additive Manufacturing Technologies, 3rd ed. Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-56127-7 Textbook chapter on material extrusion.
7. M. Livesu, S. Ellero, J. Martínez, S. Lefebvre, M. Attene (2017). From 3D models to 3D prints: an overview of the processing pipeline. Computer Graphics Forum 36(2), 537–564. doi:10.1111/cgf.13147 Slicing, perimeters, infill and top/bottom surface detection: the steps this page performs in the browser.
8. R. Minetto, N. Volpato, J. Stolfi, R. M. M. H. Gregori, M. V. G. da Silva (2017). An optimal algorithm for 3D triangle mesh slicing. Computer-Aided Design 92, 1–10. doi:10.1016/j.cad.2017.07.001 How slicers cut a mesh into layer contours efficiently.
9. T. Kuipers, E. L. Doubrovski, J. Wu, C. C. L. Wang (2020). A framework for adaptive width control of dense contour-parallel toolpaths in fused deposition modeling. Computer-Aided Design 128, 102907. doi:10.1016/j.cad.2020.102907 Variable-width walls (“Arachne”). The X1C’s stock profile uses the classic fixed-width walls shown here instead.

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